By physically dividing up and demarcating spaceswalls, doorways and entrances that are used on an everyday basisthe architecture thereby classifies and controls the movement of people and the spaces they inhabit. Macuch, Rudolf A Mandaic Dictionary (with E. S. Drower). Beliefs and Practices of the Essenes. [70], A few have argued that the Essenes had an idea of a pierced Messiah based on 4Q285, however the interpretation of the text is ambiguous, some scholars interpreted it as the Messiah being killed himself, while modern scholars mostly interpret it as the Messiah executing the enemies of Israel in an eschatological war. And so, they were Jews who kept all the Jewish observances, but they would not offer sacrifice or eat meat. Encyclopaedia Judaica. Those who qualified for membership were called upon to swear piety to God, justice toward men, hatred of falsehood, love of truth, and faithful observance of all other tenets of the Essene sect. There is a wide diversity of opinion as to the etymology of the name "Essene." Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Josephus later gave a detailed account of the Essenes in The Jewish War (c.75 CE), with a shorter description in Antiquities of the Jews (c.94 CE) and The Life of Flavius Josephus (c.97 CE). After the members took their places at the table in silence, the baker and cook distributed the food to each in order of his status. All these authors seem dependent on earlier common sources, although Josephus (Life, 2) claims personal knowledge of the Essenes. . Tbingen, 1997. Philo invariably uses the second, and explains the name with reference to the Greek hosioi, while *Josephus uses both forms. , ELEPHANTINE (Aram. Find out what they tell us about the Bible, Christianity and Judaism when you download our free Dead Sea Scrolls eBook. Scholars have pieced together bits of information from the Essenes and speculate these point to the imminent return of Jesus. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. the spirit of words make doctors, lawyers ect and ect. Josephus's first mention of the Essenes is in relation to the reign of Jonathan (Ant. Omissions? This was the difference between the Nasaraean and the others[53], After this Nasaraean sect in turn comes another closely connected with them, called the Ossaeans. The Ancient Mysteries of the Essenes: The Ken Johnson Collection is the groundbreaking research involving the ancient Essene community, their astonishingly accurate prophecies, and what they foretell for our immediate future. JSOT on behalf of the Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies: Sheffield, 1989. hundreds of coins giving terminus ad quem of 1st Cent. Many scholars believe that this was a group called the Essenes. Sadducees - Sanhedrin - Scribes - Zealots. Besides the peculiarities of their way of life, the Essenes had special doctrines that set them apart from other Jews. Outline [67], John the Baptist has also been argued to have been an Essene, as there are numerous parallels between John's mission and the Essenes, which is why he perhaps was trained by the Essene community. The very fact that so many suggestions as to etymology have been made and that none has carried a scholarly consensus shows that the derivation of the term cannot be established with certainty. Corrections? Their secluded desert community was dedicated to prayer and study in preparation for the return of the Messiah. Updates? He himself claims to have known of the three sects through "personal experience" (Life 2.1011) in the mid-first century ce. Schiffman, Lawrence "Essenes 18.5.9). They believed history was predestined, and their apocalyptic theology caused a division of good and evil in society. The Essenes are mentioned by Josephus and in a few other sources, but not in the New testament. [19] Pliny's Latin text has Esseni. They lived a simple life, with little focus on material things. The community then returned to work and came together once again in the evening for another meal. Though it is different from the other six of these seven sects, it causes schism only by forbidding the books of Moses like the Nasaraean. It is one of the oldest religion of India. Facts about Sadducees 2: the extinction In 70 CE, Herod's Temple was destroyed in Jerusalem, which marked the extinction of Sadducees. The third sect, the Essenes, actually left Jerusalem to live in a kibbutz-like compound in Qumran (near the Dead Sea). They apparently were scattered in communities throughout Palestine, although some evidence exists that they avoided the larger cities. My new book, Secret of the Savior: The Myth of the Messiah in Mark, shows how the Essenes led to Christianity. Golb's book presents observations about de Vaux's premature conclusions and their uncontroverted acceptance by the general academic community. Encyclopedia.com. Only adult males could enter the Essene sect. The Essenes maintained the immortality of the soul that had descended from the most pure ethereal substance to be imprisoned in the body (B.J. In first-century Israel, Sadducees were a religious faction that wielded societal power in nearly every aspect except militaryand for that they had the backing of their Roman benefactors. For the bread developed by the Essenes, see. BROWN, R. E. "Essenes Some manuscripts of Philo mention Syria, separately from Palestine, in connection with Essene settlements, and this may harmonize with the journey to Damascus mentioned in a work connected with the DSS (CDC). [] https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/who-were-… [], [] A.D., explaining they were a celibate people but that is still debated. [], Your email address will not be published. Those wishing to enter had to wait before being given the emblems a belt, a white garment, and a hatchet for digging holes in the earth (whenever they wished to relieve themselves; ibid., 2:127; 148). a. dupont-sommer, The Essene Writings from Qumran (New York 1962) ch. [27], According to Josephus, the Essenes had settled "not in one city" but "in large numbers in every town". All of the documents recently found seem to align with there belief that a messiah would be born. [64], Rituals of the Essenes and Christianity have much in common; the Dead Sea Scrolls describe a meal of bread and wine that will be instituted by the messiah, both the Essenes and Christians were eschatological communities, where judgement on the world would come at any time. An ideal of celibacy marked their life, although Josephus (B.J. John the Baptist shocked his audience by his appearance: a camel-hair garment and a leather belt. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. To many of our people are destroyed for thier knowledge. Aspiring members received three itemsa hatchet, an apron, and a white garmentand had to undergo a detailed initiation process that included a year of probation. The Essenes were organized under officials to whom obedience was required. Some New Testament scholars also believe that the early Church may have incorporated Essene elements into its structure. ." [11][48] Part of their activities included purification by water rituals which was supported by rainwater catchment and storage. The Sadducees ( sedqm) were one of the three main Jewish political and religious movements in the years between c.150 BCE and 70 CE. Hence, all members shared wealth equally, with no distinctions between rich and poor. G. Vermes and M.D. What about The Egyptian Book of the dead with resembling stories yet a few thousand years (carbon dated) older than the bible? Subsequently, he had to undergo a further two years of probation, after which time he was to swear an oath, the only oath the Essenes permitted. 18.1.5), a distrust flowing from their historic protest against its priesthood. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Jesus was an Essene and A Gnostic. Philo (De vita contemplativa ) also describes the Egyptian therapeutae, a group like the Essenes. The Essenes were the Jains of India. Sadducees Definition. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Some form of communal ownership of goods was allowed, apparently more complete in the yaad, which, as the name ("union") implies, may have seen itself as a corporate unit, whose holiness depended on the individual holiness of all its members who worked, ate, and studied in communion. Their community was hierarchical, structured, and disciplined. The Dead Sea Scrolls were most likely written by the Essenes during the period from about 200 B.C. They studied the Torah and its ethics, and interpreted the scriptures allegorically. 3. It's important to remember though: the Pharisees weren't some group of power hungry elite. The Essenes zealously studied the sacred books and had an interest in medicinal herbs. Purificatory baths were required before virtually all functions. The Essenes were a New Testament religious sect that existed from the second century B.C. . . Sign up to receive our email newsletter and never miss an update. Josephus (B.J. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The candidate was now able to participate in the communal meals of the sect and was a full-fledged member. In Part 1: The Ancient Dead Sea Scroll Calendar and the Prophecies it Reveals, a mysterious 364-day solar calendar used by This asceticism also manifested itself among those Essenes who were celibate. Many researchers believe the Essenes wrote the Dead Sea scrolls. If the early followers of Jesus were connected, what good did it do them to follow Jesus? 70106, argues for the identification of the Essenes with the Dead Sea sect. Thereafter new converts were allowed to take their noon and evening meals in silence with the others. Encyclopedia.com. Contemporary or near-contemporary descriptions are found in *Philo (Every Good Man is Free, Hypothetica), *Josephus (Antiquities and War, including references to individual Essenes), and Pliny the Elder (Natural History). [65], In the early church a book called the Odes of Solomon was written. Encyclopedia.com. (2) They were more concerned with outer purity rather than the purity of the heart. The Essenes and some early Christians espoused a pious, ascetic life, deserting the city and the secular world for a life of solitary or communal prayer and self-denial. Flavius Josephus in Chapter 8 of "The Jewish War" states: 2. They also professed belief in immortality and divine punishment for sin. Some of his descriptions include: ".there were three sects, of Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes.The doctrine of the Essenes tends to teach all that they confidently may trust their fate in the hands of God. What social archaeology tells us about the Essenes of Qumran. They claim that these Books are fictions, and that none of these customs were instituted by the fathers. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/essenes. Required fields are marked *, COPYRIGHT 2023 BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY SOCIETY 5614 Connecticut Ave NW #343, Washington DC 20015-2604. Until the twentieth century, the Essenes were known only from Greek sources. b. rigaux, Dictionnaire d'histoire et de gographie ecclsiastiques, ed. The Essenes (/sinz, sinz/; Hebrew: , Isiyim; Greek: , , or , Essenoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi) were a mystic Jewish sect during the Second Temple period that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE. On the other hand, it appears that in many cases this celibacy was embarked on later in life, after having had children, so that it was not absolute. The Way of the Essenes. The first-century Jewish writers Josephus and Philo mention them. ed bicknell wife; can i take melatonin during colonoscopy prep facts about the essenes. [17] Josephus identified the Essenes as one of the three major Jewish sects of that period. Josephus relates that the Essenes were tortured by the Romans during the great revolt (War 2.152153); this may indicate further their participation in the war against the Romans. To avoid this methodological pitfall, evidence for the Essenes will first be presented and then compared with the corpus of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Such a doctrine, if true, suggests the possibility of the indirect influence of Greek philosophy on the Essenes (see Ant. On the evidence of the Dead Sea Scrolls, they deemed themselves the only true Israel and regarded the religious observances of other Israelites, and especially in the Temple, as corrupt. [63], Lawrence Schiffman has argued that the Qumran community may be called Sadducean, and not Essene, since their legal positions retain a link with Sadducean tradition. In this oath the candidate bound himself to piety toward God, justice to men, honesty with his fellow Essenes, the proper transmission of the teachings of the sect, and the preservation of the secrecy by which the sect's doctrines were guarded from outsiders. 13.5.9) stresses their belief in divine determinism; this may be an exaggeration of the dualistic doctrine found in the DSS. People People what is the big deal about a belief, I the belief is real or true then it can manifest into the physical world and if it is not then it can and never will appear in the physical world. 1. . Members who transgressed could be expelled from the community by the Essene court of one hundred. They surrendered (all?) They acknowledged Moses and believed that he had received lawsnot this law, however, but some other. World Encyclopedia. Although drawn from Jewish prophetic texts that spoke about the Day of Judgment,. Studying these spaces can help archaeologists answer the question "Who were the Essenes?" It may be assumed that in the case of married Essenes, full membership was not extended to women. an Essene (the word, "Essene" means "Healer" in Aramaic, a Semitic language related to Hebrew). Although the Essenes are nowhere mentioned in the New Testament, certain parallels may indicate an indirect influence of this sect on nascent Christianity. He relates the same information concerning piety, celibacy, the absence of personal property and of money, the belief in communality, and commitment to a strict observance of Sabbath. Why? [82]:552553[73][83]:18[84] As Nasoraeans, Mandaeans believe that they constitute the true congregation of bnai nhura meaning 'Sons of Light', a term used by the Essenes. Josephus (Ant. . There were about four thousand Essenes, according to the testimony of Philo and Josephus. The information in these sources is not always consistent. For example, James C. VanderKam, "Identity and History of the Community". A certain Simeon the Essene predicted dire circumstances for Archelaus, the son of Herod and ethnarch of Judah (4 bcec. They were a political rather than religious party. ." The Essenes seem to have eaten communal meals regularly. 1925. [73] Scholars such as Kurt Rudolph, Rudolf Macch, Mark Lidzbarski and Ethel S. Drower connect the Mandaeans with the Nasaraeans described by Epiphanius, a group within the Essenes according to Joseph Lightfoot. The Qumran texts, however, envisage only occasional communal meals. For one, this sect originated prior to the time of Christ, at least 80 years prior. Their fellow Jews (namely, the Sadducees, who also had a lot of influence) were disregarding oral tradition, which the Pharisees believed was handed down directly from God to Moses. The Qumran Essenes were an eschatological community. For them, wealth was only a means to provide the necessities of life. ESSENES . They are described twice by Philo, in Hypothetica (11.118) and Every Good Man Is Free (12.7513.91). The Damascus Document describes a looser social structure, with an "overseer" (mevakker) in charge of each "camp" and ideology: corporate activity is less intense, but also subject to similar disciplinary rules. Jesus is greater than Joshua, because Jesus brings a greater rest to the people of God ( Heb 4:8-9 ). Technology has enabled us to spread the gospel all over the world within seconds. were the sdm (1 Mc 2.42) or "pious ones." The Essenes have gained fame in modern times as a result of the discovery of an extensive group of religious documents known as the Dead Sea Scrolls, which are commonly believed to be the Essenes' library. 2.8.2) says that they adopted children and brought them up as Essenes. . The Manual of Discipline scroll emphasized no women were among Essenes, in any sort of desert sect, yet womens & childrens graves are found beside the Qumran watchtower, in violation of Jewish law. But the Essenes were. The information was gained through regressive hypnosis. Essenes had their communities, not only in Qumran, but in various towns. He regarded the Therapeutae as a contemplative branch of the Essaioi who, he said, pursued an active life. A recent study has sought to determine by sophisticated new methods whether Khirbet Qumran was home to a Qumran community of sectarian Jews, the Essenes of Qumran. Brief references from later authors are in Hegesippus (2nd century, who merely lists them, with other Jewish sects), Hippolytus (2nd3rd century b.c.e., who seems dependent on neither Josephus nor Philo), and Synesius (4th5th century c.e., apparently based on Pliny). Nevertheless, there was a strong priestly element among them. The name "Essenes" comes from , the Greek form that Josephus uses most frequently and that Pliny Latinizes as Esseni. Then they were allowed to follow their routine and receive "more purifying washings for holiness" but were not yet permitted to take part in the common meals. This schism produced the Essenes who preserved the original name of this group. Essenes by Dolores Cannon Eyewitness accounts of the missing years of Jesus. Leiden, 1995. Some participated in the war against Rome, perhaps seeing this as the final battle. Answer The Essenes were a Jewish mystical sect somewhat resembling the Pharisees. Bibliography: s. wagner, Die Essener in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion (Berlin 1960), excellent bibliog. John the Essene was one of the Jewish generals in the great revolt against Rome in 6674 ce (War 2.567). MESSIAH , an anglicization of the Latin Messias, which is borrowed from the Greek , an adaptation of the Aramaic meshia (Aram. January 2010. The Essenes were accustomed to wearing white garments, and rules of modesty were very important. Most scholars claim they seceded from the Zadokite priests.[2]. "Essenes Extremely important is Morton Smith's "The Description of the Essenes in Josephus and the Philosophumena," Hebrew Union College Annual 29 (1958): 273313. 26th July 1986. For Golb, the number of documents is too extensive and includes many different writing styles and calligraphies; the ruins seem to have been a fortress, used as a military base for a very long period of timeincluding the 1st centuryso they therefore could not have been inhabited by the Essenes; and the large graveyard excavated in 1870, just 50 metres (160ft) east of the Qumran ruins, was made of over 1200 tombs that included many women and children; Pliny clearly wrote that the Essenes who lived near the Dead Sea "had not one woman, had renounced all pleasure and no one was born in their race". For confirmation of the Fraudulence of the Scriptures, read authors Fernando Conde Torrens; Llegari Pujol; Joseph Atwell; Bart Erhman; Ricardo Zavala Toia; Claudio Fantini; etc:. The name given to this Jewish sect is said to be derived from the Greek 'hosios', which means 'holy'. At the setting of the sun they recited prayers to God. It is indeed topographically above the oasis, but is indeed the 'capital' of the Essenes. [61][62][unreliable source?] 23 Feb. 2023 . The most important of the three were the Pharisees because they are the spiritual fathers of modern Judaism. Encyclopedia of Religion. There have been many unsubstantiated hypotheses about their influence on Christianity. [60], One theory on the formation of the Essenes suggests that the movement was founded by a Jewish high priest, dubbed by the Essenes the Teacher of Righteousness, whose office had been usurped by Jonathan (of priestly but not of Zadokite lineage), labeled the "man of lies" or "false priest". After a preliminary year of observation, the candidate was admitted to the common meals and to the purifications of the group. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. These documents preserve multiple copies of parts of the Hebrew Bible untouched from possibly as early as 300BCE until their discovery in 1946. , ,, Qaraim, Benei Miqra, Ba'alei Miqra; Ar. The Modern Essene Way is a way of liberation that goes beyond egocentricity and ethnocentricity to a world/God-centric orientation. The Dead Sea Scrolls were most likely written by the Essenes during the period from about 200 B.C. Others follow this line and a few argue that the Teacher of Righteousness was not only the leader of the Essenes at Qumran, but was also identical to the original Messianic figure about 150 years before the time of the Gospels. It may be generally stated that the various sects of Second Temple Judaism provide important background material for understanding the rise of the new faith. He mentioned that they were the more conservative sect and that they had a strong communal bond. like you wrote the book in it or something. Despite being a poor and largely powerless group, they had a significant amount of wealth and influence in Jerusalem. ." they took the power of mathmatics, philosophy, music , medicine and gave you biblical philosophy. There monks follow still the same life style and Principles of Non violence in extreme form, travel from one city to another giving religious sermons. The Master said that, if a human being ate meat, he could not receive his word., This is utterly False and not the Words of Christ taken from Josephus account. in the Renaissance was the Hebrew word issiyyim (Essenes) coined. 23 Feb. 2023 . After reading more from the book, WHO ARE THE ESSENES? Download The Teaching of Jesus the Essene Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle. In the chamber of , the "sin-fearing ones" used to depose their gifts "in secret" and impoverished gentlefolk could help themselves to these gifts, equally in secret. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Nor is it known whether they adhered to a calendar of solar months such as that which the Qumran sect followed. According to Pliny, there was an Essene settlement between Jericho and Ein Gedi on the western shore of the Dead Sea. Here especially, however, we must allow for the inexactitude of our sources. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/essenes-0. most significant recent challenge to the Qumran-Essene hypothesis. [10][11][12], In several places, however, Josephus has Essaios, which is usually assumed to mean Essene ("Judas of the Essaios race";[13] "Simon of the Essaios race";[14] "John the Essaios";[15] "those who are called by us Essaioi";[16] "Simon a man of the Essaios race"). Among the numerous theories that have been proposed are the following: (1) the most popular is a derivation from (asidim, "pious"), a name used in i and ii Maccabees of those especially loyal to the Torah (there are also references in rabbinic literature). Essene, member of a religious sect or brotherhood that flourished in Palestine from about the 2nd century bc to the end of the 1st century ad. Ancient Scribe Links Qumran Scrolls to Masada. [75]:xiv[80], Early religious concepts and terminologies recur in the Dead Sea Scrolls, and Yardena (Jordan) has been the name of every baptismal water in Mandaeism. A branch of the Pharisees who conformed to the most rigid rules of Levitical purity while aspiring to the highest degree of holiness. Abstract. (Philo also described a similar sect, the Therapeutae, in On the Contemplative Life. I would love to visit the places of the Holy Land. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. If you look at a tree just for its beauty you will totally forget its job . Many of them weren't members of "the elite" at all. [CDATA[ Im troubled by the circular reasoning implicit in a study titled Essenes of Qumran, as if its a certainty that Qumran was ever used by Essenes for a scroll factory, or whatever the line of reasoning is. The name of Moses was held in high esteem, and the Essenes saw blasphemy of it as a capital crime. (February 23, 2023). ." ed. They originated about 100 B.C., and disappeared from history after the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. conducted by Dolores Cannon. Members earned income for the group through various occupations, including agriculture and trades. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. The Essenes lived in various cities but congregated in communal life dedicated to voluntary poverty, daily immersion, and asceticism (their priestly class practiced celibacy). They had their midday meal together, with a grace recited by a priest before and after the meal. Following the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls (late 1940s and 1950s) in the vicinity of Khirbat Qumrn, most scholars have agreed that the Qumrn (q.v.) Qumran is widely identified as an Essene settlement (see below); two other possible Essene locations have been proposed near the Dead Sea at Ain al-Ghuweir (by P. Bar-Adon) and above En-Gedi (by Y. Hirschfeld). Unlike Philo, who did not mention any particular geographical location of the Essenes other than the whole land of Israel, Pliny places them somewhere above Ein Gedi, next to the Dead Sea. According to Josephus, the Essenes, or Essenoi, were a Jewish religious sect that existed alongside the Pharisees and Sadducees. Encyclopaedia Judaica. In late 1946 or early 1947, Bedouin teenagers were tending their goats and sheep near the ancient settlement of. He states that the documents probably stemmed from various libraries in Jerusalem, kept safe in the desert from the Roman invasions. The Essenes were experts in medicinal roots and the properties of stones, the healing powers of which they claimed to have derived from ancient writings. (historical) A member of a first-century ascetic Jewish sect in ancient Palestine from the second century BCE to the second century CE. Those who were told to abstain from meats and practice the old law was asured by Paul it was not of God. What if the remains are simply foundation support walls to allow a building to be constructed on a level floor? [88]:94 Essene graves are oriented northsouth[89] and a Mandaean's grave must also be in the northsouth direction so that if the dead Mandaean were stood upright, they would face north. Open full PDF. The following were the main characteristics of the Pharisees: (1) They threw aside God's commandments and made the commandments of men and traditions into doctrines. Hirschfeld's 'Essene Site' is at one of the most beautiful locations in Israel, on a spur overlooking the Oasis, the Dead Sea, and the Moab Mountains. Signup for our newsletter to get notified about our next ride. You appear to know so much about this, 135, revised and edited by Gza Verms, Fergus Millar, and Matthew Black and translated by T. A. Burkill et al. The Essenes emerged as a separate sect after the. Essenes. Children were educated in the ways of the community. Dead Sea Scrolls; Judaism, overview article. [50] Purity and cleanliness was considered so important to the Essenes that they would refrain from defecation on the Sabbath.[51]. In the evening they contemplated the cosmic forces. JOHN BOWKER "Essenes introduction window.__mirage2 = {petok:"oyySic88TXnOXiqssnc.9cIYUA_jnEMTMjVKWKp19sE-86400-0"}; They carried weapons only for protection against robbers. Both Josephus and Philo estimate their numbers at about 4,000 in the first Christian century. Scattered references to the Essenes occur elsewhere in the works of Josephus. Etymology from ' sh '," in: Revue de Qumrn, 11 (1984), 48398; "Posidonius, Strabo and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa as Sources on Essenes," in: jjs, 45 (1994), 29598; A.H. Jones, Essenes (1985); R. Bergmeier, Die Essener-Berichte des Flavius Josephus (1993); F. Garca Martnez and J. Trebolle Barrera, The People of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1995); B. Pixner, "Jerusalem's Essene Gateway: Where the Community Lived in Jesus' Time," in: Biblical Archaeology Review, 23:3 (1997), 2231, 6466; H. Stegemann, The Library of Qumran: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist, and Jesus (1998).
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