Such material should be well organized and based on fundamentals, Organize the main and subordinate points of the lesson in a logical sequence. Predictions are that more and more learning will take place via e-learning, E-learning is now used for training at many different levels. Each student should be given the opportunity to discuss the various aspects of the subject, and feel free to do so. Be certain of what is to be communicated, Gather the necessary data by researching for support material, Organize the material into an outline or a lesson plan. Lectures can be used to present information that would be difficult for the students to get in other ways, particularly if the students do not have the time required for research, or if they do not have access to reference material. He also made sure the computer and projector were in working order. In addition, they also provide realistic details necessary for visual recognition of important subject material. Basic VOR/NDB radio navigation procedures are also perishable and could save lives if proficiency is maintained. In the discussion method, the instructor provides a short lecture, no more than 20 minutes in length, which gives basic knowledge to the students. Review and assessment are integral parts of each classroom, and/or flight lesson. While the instructor should have the answer in mind before asking the question, the students need to think about the question before answering. People skills are the ability to interact, talk, understand, empathize, and connect with people. If it is confusing to one person, it will be confusing to others and should be corrected, Criteria are the standards that measure the accomplishment of the objective. Consequently, the objective normally is stated at the understanding level of learning. Often, instructors must improvise and adapt to the existing circumstances in order to incorporate quality instructional aids, Some of the most common and economical aids are chalk or marker boards, and supplemental print materials, including charts, diagrams, and graphs. As stimuli are received, the individuals sensory register works to sort out the important bits of information from the routine or less significant bits. The desired learning outcomes should stem from the objective, Conduct adequate research to become familiar with the topic. One cautionthe instructional aid should keep student attention on the subject; it should not be a distracting gimmick, Clearly, a major goal of all instruction is for the student to be able to retain as much knowledge of the subject as possible, especially the key points. Effective instructors relate well to people. For example, inserting conditions narrows the objective as follows: "Using sectional charts, a flight computer, and Cessna 172, navigate from point A to point B while maintaining standard hemispheric altitudes." Of even more significance is that the same data also suggest that SBT students demonstrate better decision-making skills than maneuver based studentsmost likely because their training occurred while performing realistic flight maneuvers and not artificial maneuvers designed only for the test, Research also indicates SBT may lead to improved piloting and navigation skills over traditional maneuver-based training techniques. All lettering and illustrations must be large enough to be seen easily by the students farthest from the aids. Since much of the new technology is based on computer technology, instructors with well-developed computer skills are in demand, Although the explosion of training technology offers new opportunities, instructors must remember their main teaching goals and be selectively receptive to new possibilities. In addition, e-learning often seems more enjoyable than learning from a regular classroom lecture. Thus, the student pilot exhibits knowledge of all the elements involved in a poweroff stall as listed in the PTS, As discussed in chapter 2, humans develop cognitive skills through active interaction with the world. For example, a laboratorytype environment may be configured with separate study areas for each student. The following practices are fundamental in the use of the chalk or marker board: Keep chalk, markers, erasers, cleaning cloths, rulers, and related items readily available to avoid interruption of the presentation, Organize and practice the chalk or marker board presentation in advance, Write or draw large enough for everyone in the group to see, Leave a margin around the material and sufficient space between lines of copy so the board is not overcrowded, Make only one point at a time. In most cases, the objective is listed along with sufficient conditions to describe the scope of the objective. An effective instructor never stops learning. A reverse question is a question asked by a learner and the instructor returns the question to the same learner for response. Information such as equipment, tools, reference material, and limiting parameters should be included. FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS Applicants for the Flight Instructor Rating shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing Transport Canada multiple choice examinations on the subjects contained in this guide. Applicants must be able to read the examination questions in either English or French without assistance. The tendency toward unnecessarily distracting artwork also should be avoided, Instructional aids should appeal to the student and be based on sound principles of instructional design. [Figure 4-16], Good instructional aids also can help solve certain language barrier problems. On the fifth approach, at five miles from the runway, the pilot stated that both engines quit due to fuel exhaustion. Whether working as an individual instructor or employed by a flight or maintenance school, the instructor must ensure that each student accomplishes a number of important benchmarks. Well-designed interactive video, when properly used, is highly effective as an instructional aid. His flight is a go, yet, 15 miles from College Airport he descends to 1,000 feet to stay below the lowering clouds and encounters rain and lowering visibility to 3 miles. In addition, FAA inspectors and designated examiners have found that student applicants often exhibit a lack of knowledge during oral questioning, even though many have easily passed the FAA knowledge test. Most projectors are bulky to handle and store, and the projector cooling fan may be noisy, Although vastly different from other projection equipment, the opaque projector reflects light from the surface of the picture or three-dimensional object onto a regular projection screen. HOTS should be taught throughout the curriculum from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract, Determine learning outcomes for the problem, Consider additional solutions through guided discovery, Reevaluate solution with additional options, Reflect on this solution and why it is the best solution, Consider what "best" means (is it situational), While there are many variations as to how a problem-based lesson might work, it usually involves an incentive or need to solve the problem, a decision on how to find a solution, a possible solution, an explanation for the reasons used to reach that solution, and then reflection on the solution. Careful preparation is one key to successful performance as a classroom lecturer. The instructor also should carefully consider the class size and the depth of the presentation. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards, For example, in flight training, content validity is reflected by a particular maneuver closely mimicking a maneuver required in actual flight, such as the student pilot being able to recover from a power-off stall. Consider the opening scenario in which Bob arrived early for the class and ensured the classroom was well lit, the desks in order, and that the room presented a neat overall appearance. Ac lectus vel risus suscipit sit amet hendrerit a venenatis. In the teaching lecture, the instructor must develop a keen perception for subtle responses from the classfacial expressions, manner of taking notes, and apparent interest or disinterest in the lesson. By using a lecture in this way, the instructor can offer students with varied backgrounds a common understanding of essential principles and facts. objective of each period of instruction. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. If the instructor sees puzzled expressions, denoting that the students do not understand the question, it should be rephrased in a slightly different form. During a classroom session, the instructor should provide students with an overview of the presentation before showing it. Charts, diagrams, and graphs are also in this category. The human mind rarely retains, evaluates, and applies new concepts or practices after a single exposure. It should be noted that PTS and O&P standards are limited to the most critical job tasks. The real world problem forces the student to analyze, evaluate, and make decisions about the procedures required, For the flight instructor, a good scenario tells a story that begins with a reason to fly because a pilots decisions differ depending on the motivation to fly. Electronic information on computer networks and bulletin boards is from commercial providers, as well as community, state, and national government agencies. This research has revealed that effective instructors come in many forms, but they generally possess four essential teaching skills: people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills. The type of chart selected for use depends largely on the type of information the instructor wants to convey. Usually the goal for students is a certificate or rating. By removing the NTSBs determination of probable cause, a flight instructor can use the description as a case study. New ideas should not be introduced in the conclusion because at this point they are likely to confuse the students, By organizing the lesson material into a logical format, the instructor maximizes the opportunity for students to retain the desired information. This, coupled with culturally diverse backgrounds of todays students, makes it necessary for instructors to be precise in their choice of terminology. The second activity is the instructors supervision, Student performance requires students to act and do. As instructional aids, models are usually more practical than originals because they are lightweight and easy to manipulate, A mock-up is a three-dimensional or specialized type of working model made from real or synthetic materials. The flight instructor serves as the link between dreaming of a career in the sky and becoming a skilled pilot. The group task may emphasize academic achievement, cognitive abilities, or physical skills, but the instructor must use clear and specific learning objectives to describe the knowledge and/or abilities the students are to acquire and then demonstrate on their own. The instructor should treat everyone impartially, encourage questions, exercise patience and tact, and comment on all responses. Many of these items are suitable for long-term use on bulletin boards and in briefing areas. Recordings of sounds and speeches should be tested for correct volume and quality in the actual environment in which they will be used. The instructor, although no longer the center of attention, must continue to maintain complete control over the learning environment to ensure learning objectives are being achieved. Just as a student can reread a section in a text, a student can review portions of a CAL program until it is understood. This topic is explored more thoroughly in hapter 9, Professional Development, Management skills generally include the ability to plan, organize, lead, and supervise.